Keywords
How to Cite
Share
Abstract
This article focuses on how modern Protestant missionaries understand, judge and settle Taoism based on their own belief positions in different stages, that is "pan jiao". From the perspectives of the true knowledge of God, morality, and salvation, it analyzes the interpretations and evaluations of Taoism by missionaries in the three stages, and points out that their “pan jiao” view has undergone a shift from the complete replacement model, the partial replacement model to the fulfillment model. It is believed that this change does not mean that missionaries and Taoism have formed a truly equal religious dialogue, but is closer to a kind of understanding, absorption and integration centered on Christianity.
References
Faber, Ernst. “The Historical Characteristics of Taoism”. The China Review, or notes & queries on the Far Easi, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1885, pp. 231-247.
Legge, James. The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism Described and Compared with Christianity. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1880.
Chalmers, John. “Tauism”. The China Review, or notes & queries on the Far East, Vol, 1, No 4, 1873, pp. 209-220.
Chalmers, John. The Speculation On Metaphysics, Polity and Morality of the Old Philosopher Lau Tsze. London: Trübner & Co., 1868.
Edkins, Joseph. Religion in China, Containing a Brief Account of the Three Religions of the Chinese with Observation on the Prospects of Christian Conversion amongst that People. Boston: J.R.Osgood, 1878.
Rev. Reid, Gilbert. A Christian’s Appreciation of Other Faiths. Chicago, London: The Open Court Publishing Company, 1921.
Soothill, William Edward. The Three Religions of China: Lecture Delivered at Oxford. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1913.
艾约瑟（Joseph Edkins）。《辟道教》。《万国公报》第560卷1879年10月18日，第86-88页。《万国公报》第561卷1879年10月25日，第95-96页。《万国公报》第562卷1879年11月1日，第100-101页。[Edkins, Joseph. “Exposing Taoism”. Chinese Globe Magazine, Volume 560, October 18, 1879, pp. 86-88. Volume 561, October 25, 1879, pp. 95-96. Volume 562, November 1, 1879, pp. 100-101.]
陈建明。《西方汉学视阈下的中国道教研究》。《近代史研究》2024年第3期，第4-21页。[CHEN, Jianming. “Research on Chinese Taoism from the Perspective of Western Sinology”. Modern History Research, no .3, 2024, pp. 4-21. ]
丁韪良（W.A.P Martin）。《花甲忆记——一位美国传教士眼中的晚清帝国》，沈弘、恽文捷，郝田虎译。桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2004。[Martin, W.A.P. A cycle of Cathay : or, China, south and north. With personal reminiscences. Translated by SHEN Hong, YUN Wenjie and HAO Tianhu. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2004.]
杜步西（Hampden Coit DuBose）。《三教问答》。上海：美华书馆，1888。[DuBose, Hampden Coit. Questions and Answers on the Three Religions. Shanghai: Meihua Bookstore, 1888.]
季理斐（Donald MacGillivray）。《四教考略》。上海：广学会，1900。[MacGillivray, Donald. A Brief Account of the Four Schools of Thought. Shanghai: The Christian Literature Society for China, 1900.]
李新德。《明清时期西方传教士中国儒释道典籍之翻译与诠释》。北京：商务印书馆，2015。[LI Xinde. Translation and Interpretation of Chinese Confucian, Daoist and Buddhist Canons by Western Missionaries During the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Beijing: Commercial Press, 2015.]
梁栋、陈建明。《19世纪基督新教传教士视野中的道教形象》。澳门理工学报2019年第1期，第88-94页。[LIANG, Dong and CHEN Jianming. “The Image of Taoism in the Vision of 19th-Century Protestant Missionaries.” Journal of Macao Polytechnic University, no. 1, 2019, pp. 88-94.]
米怜（William Milne）。《新教在华传教前十年回顾》。中国海外汉学研究中心翻译组译。郑州：大象出版社，2008。[Milne, William. A Retrospect of the First Ten Years of the Protestant Mission to China. Translated by the Translation Team of the China Overseas Sinology Research Center. Zhengzhou: Elephant Press, 2008.]
慕维廉（William Muirhead）。《儒释道回耶五教通考》。东京：东京十字屋书铺，1879。[Muirhead, William. A Comprehensive Study of Five Religions. Tokyo: Tokyo Crossroad Bookstore, 1879.]
吴根友。《判教与比较：比较哲学探论》。上海：东方出版中心，2019。[WU Genyou. Classification and Comparison: A Tentative Study on Comparative Philosophy. Shanghai: Orient Publishing Center, 2019.]
周伟驰。《晚清新教传教士对儒教之判教》。《世界宗教文化》2025年第5期，第154-162页。[ZHOU, Weichi. “The panjiao of Confucianism by Protestant missionaries in the late Qing Dynasty”. The World Religious Cultures, no. 5, 2025, pp.154-162.]
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.